Les plus jeunes victimes d´Auschwitz

Le destin des femmes enceintes et de leurs enfants pendant la première marche d´évacuation des prisonniers du camp d´Auschwitz au mois de janvier 1945

Helena Kubica: "Nous n´avons pas le droit de les oublier. Les plus jeunes victimes d´Auschwitz", CD-Rom multimédia, Oswiecim 2005

À la fin de la colonne des femmes-prisonnières terriblement fatiguées, à l´extérieur des baraquements d´Auschwitz, se trouvaient les femmes malades et enceintes, privées d´une quelconque aide médicale. Des squelettes humains pauvres et souffrants, vętus de guenilles misérables, qui n´ont pas mangé à leur faim depuis des années, parfois avec seulement une miche de pain sec sous le bras, elles parcouraient les amoncellements de neige avec grande difficulté. Très souvent elles tombaient, après avoir trébuché sur les cadavres des prisonniers couverts par la neige.

Je me rappelle, un soir nous approchions d´un petit village. Devant nous on voyait une colline et une maison éclairée.

Tout à coup, j´ai entendu les cris d´une femme, saisie des douleurs qui viennent juste avant l´accouchement. Ne pouvant pas continuer la marche, elle est descendue dans le fossé et elle s´est assise. Nous avons été saisies de panique. Nous ne pouvions pas l´aider, nous n´avions rien et il était interdit de s´arręter. Sa mère voulait rester auprès de la fille qui était en train d´accoucher, mais elle a été immédiatement repoussée et remise à l´intérieur de la colonne par un soldat SS.

Une fille - prisonnière du camp d´Auschwitz

Avec mon amie Helena Pachecka (no. 88202) nous espérions que la femme pouvait rester dans ce fossé et que pendant la nuit elle aurait pu se traîner jusqu´à la maison pour y trouver de l´aide.

Mais les nazis ne pourrait pas laisser en paix męme une femme qui accouchait. Au bout d´une dizaine de pas nous avons entendu les tirs d´un soldat qui a tué cette femme avec son enfant, qui n´était męme pas encore né. Pour nous tous - surtout les femmes enceintes - cette expérience était tellement horrible!!!

source : APMAB. Les témoignages, vol. 91, k. 10. La relation de l´ancienne prisonnière du camp d´Auschwitz no. 87947, Alina Cielemiecka-Naciazek, femme enceinte qui voyageait dans la colonne piétonne.

Le 18 janvier dans la soirée nous entendions clairement au loin les bruits de l´artillerie. Nous sommes arrivés avec des prisonniers adultes dans le camp d´Auschwitz I. A côté du poste de garde près de l´entrée du camp brûlait la sinistre documentation sur les victimes; on brûlait ce qu´on appelait Totenmeldung (livres de la mort). (...) Dans une nuit glaciale de janvier la colonne de la mort est partie vers la Silésie, en direction de l´est. Nous étions conduits par des colonnes des soldats SS avec des fusils dans leurs mains. Après avoir parcouru quelques kilomètres nous avons vu un nombre important de cadavres de femmes fusillées - la colonne des prisonnières nous précédait et toutes les femmes qui ne pouvaient plus marcher étaient immédiatement tuées sur la route. (...)

Au matin la marche continuait. Je me souviendrai toujours de la vue horrible d´un cadavre allongé au travers de la route, d´une femme avec le crâne fracassé. Nous devions le contourner et les voitures lui passaient au-dessus.

(...) Après toute la journée de marche nous avons été mis dans une grande grange où, mort de fatigués, nous nous sommes tous endormis. Il faisait encore nuit quand on nous a remis en marche. J´avais des problèmes pour enfiler mes chaussures, je me souviens que cela m´avait fait un grand mal. La colonne des misérables s´est remise en marche sur les routes glacées de la Silésie pour toute une journée, avec deux ou trois repos de quelques minutes. De nouveau nous avons passé la nuit dans une grange et nous sommes repartis à l´aube.

Un garçon – prisonnier du camp d´Auschwitz

Dans l´après-midi, après avoir parcouru environ 80 kilomètres, nous sommes arrivés à une petite station de chemin de fer (probablement Wodzislaw), où l´on nous a mis à plus de 100 personnes dans des wagons découverts, utilisés normalement pour le transport du charbon. (...) Le train est parti dans la nuit, mais nous n´avons pas roulé longtemps; nous nous sommes arretés et puis pendant quelques heures nous sommes repartis dans la direction opposée. Le lendemain notre train est resté immobile. Dans la nuit nous avons encore fait un petit bout de chemin. Pendant le jour de nouveau rien.

Notre situation devenait désespérée, nous n´avions plus de pain, les soldats SS parcouraient les wagons en demandant: "Wieviel Tote?". Nous nous demandions s´il ne serait pas mieux de sauter du wagon et ętre tué par une balle avant de mourir de faim. Enfin, le train est reparti et le lendemain, septième jour de l´évacuation, nous nous sommes arretés dans une station plus grande, sur le territoire de la Tchécoslovaquie (Bogumin). Les habitants de la ville nous ont jeté quelques pains, ce qui nous a permis de reprendre un peu de force. Pendant cette journée le train avançait rapidement, nous avons repris un peu d´espoir. Après quelques heures nous nous sommes trouvés sur le territoire autrichien.

(...) Le 25 janvier 1945 dans l´après-midi, le transport est arrivé à Mauthausen. Nous sommes sortis avec grande difficulté des wagons et nous sommes partis à travers la ville vers une colline en direction du camp. Les jeunes nazis des Hitlerjugend nous crachaient dessus et nous jetaient des boules de neige.

source : Lech Szawłowski, Les expériences des enfants de Varsovie dans les camps nazis. "Revue Médicale - Oswiecim" 1972 no. 1, pages 161-162. Les souvenirs de Leszek Szawlowski, enfant de 12 ans, ancien prisonnier des camps d´Auschwitz-Birkenau no. 192799, Mauthausen et Melk.


Photographies : Les enfants libérés dans le camp d´Auschwitz le 27 janvier 1945. Les photographies réalisées au moment de la libération du camp, présentant les enfants sauvés, les objets liés à leur vie dans le camp et appartenant aux enfants tués.

These photographs were taken in Birkenau by an anonymous Soviet camera operator between the end of January and the beginning of February 1945. They show unidentified children in Barrack 2, Sector BIIe. Before the liberation most of the children in this barrack were Jewish.  There were also some Poles and Russians (see following documents).  The photographs come from the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland and the Institute of National Memory (IPN). These photographs were taken in Birkenau by an anonymous Soviet camera operator between the end of January and the beginning of February 1945. They show unidentified children in Barrack 2, Sector BIIe. Before the liberation most of the children in this barrack were Jewish.  There were also some Poles and Russians (see following documents).  The photographs come from the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland and the Institute of National Memory (IPN). These photographs were taken in Birkenau by an anonymous Soviet camera operator between the end of January and the beginning of February 1945. They show unidentified children in Barrack 2, Sector BIIe. Before the liberation most of the children in this barrack were Jewish.  There were also some Poles and Russians (see following documents).  The photographs come from the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland and the Institute of National Memory (IPN). These photographs were taken in Birkenau by an anonymous Soviet camera operator between the end of January and the beginning of February 1945. They show unidentified children in Barrack 2, Sector BIIe. Before the liberation most of the children in this barrack were Jewish.  There were also some Poles and Russians (see following documents).  The photographs come from the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland and the Institute of National Memory (IPN).
These photographs were taken in Birkenau by an anonymous Soviet camera operator between the end of January and the beginning of February 1945. They show unidentified children in Barrack 2, Sector BIIe. Before the liberation most of the children in this barrack were Jewish.  There were also some Poles and Russians (see following documents).  The photographs come from the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland and the Institute of National Memory (IPN). These photographs were taken in Birkenau by an anonymous Soviet camera operator between the end of January and the beginning of February 1945. They show unidentified children in Barrack 2, Sector BIIe. Before the liberation most of the children in this barrack were Jewish.  There were also some Poles and Russians (see following documents).  The photographs come from the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland and the Institute of National Memory (IPN). These photographs were taken in Birkenau by an anonymous Soviet camera operator between the end of January and the beginning of February 1945. They show unidentified children in Barrack 2, Sector BIIe. Before the liberation most of the children in this barrack were Jewish.  There were also some Poles and Russians (see following documents).  The photographs come from the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland and the Institute of National Memory (IPN). These photographs were taken in Birkenau by an anonymous Soviet camera operator between the end of January and the beginning of February 1945. They show unidentified children in Barrack 2, Sector BIIe. Before the liberation most of the children in this barrack were Jewish.  There were also some Poles and Russians (see following documents).  The photographs come from the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland and the Institute of National Memory (IPN).
These photographs were taken in Birkenau by an anonymous Soviet camera operator between the end of January and the beginning of February 1945. They show unidentified children in Barrack 2, Sector BIIe. Before the liberation most of the children in this barrack were Jewish.  There were also some Poles and Russians (see following documents).  The photographs come from the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland and the Institute of National Memory (IPN). The condition of the female prisoners and children in particular barracks in the women's camp in Birkenau (Sector BIIe) on 26.01.1945.  A page of the record kept by prisoner Stanisława Jankowska between 17 and 27.01.1945.  She had been chosen by the other prisoner's as the women's camp supervisor (Lagerälteste). Katarzyna Beer/Katarina Beerová - Jew from Slovakia, b. 30.01.1937, in Zvolen.  Before deportation to the camp she lived with her family in Bratislava.  She was sent to KL Auschwitz on 03.11.1944, with her mother Magdalena and father Pavel in a transport of Slovakian Jews from the camp in Sered.  It was the first transport to arrive in KL Auschwitz after the order had been given to stop the mass extermination of Jews in the gas chambers.  Thus, all prisoners in the transport, 900 men, women and children, were sent to the camp without selection at the unloading ramp.  The girl was given the number A-26857, and the mother A-26856.  The mother was transferred from KL Auschwitz to KL Lippstadt, a sub-camp of KL Buchenwald, in November 1944.  From there she returned home after the war.  Her father died.  The photograph was taken at the end of January 1945, by a Soviet camera operator at the former Birkenau camp. Katarzyna Beer in front of a barrack in Birkenau in Sector BIIe, where she was liberated.  The photograph was taken at the end of January 1945.
 Iwan Dudnik - Russian, aged 15, at the time of liberation.  He suffered psychological problems as a result of his imprisonment in the camp.  The photograph was taken on 14.02.1945, by the Russian camera operator Mazelew.  The original is in the Russian National Archive of Cinematic-Documents, in Krasnogorsk. Jiři Steiner - Czech Jew, who recognized himself in the photograph in the group of liberated prisoners, in the first row on the right.  He was born 20.05.1929, in Prague.  He was deported to KL Auschwitz with his twin-brother Zdenek and parents in September 1943.  They were sent to the family camp for Jews from Theresienstadt (Sector BIIb).  In the camp the boys were victim to the criminal experiments of the SS Doctor Josef Mengele.  They were not, therefore, murdered during the first stage of the liquidation of this camp, in March 1944.  Their parents died on 08.03.1944, in the gas chambers.  At the time of liberation, 15-year-old Jiři weighed 8kg and was 130cm tall.  After the liberation, in March 1945, the boys returned to Czechoslovakia.  The photograph was taken immediately after the Soviet soldiers entered the main camp, Auschwitz I. Prisoners - adults and children leaving the camp in Birkenau.  The photograph comes from the documentary film chronicle of the liberation of KL Auschwitz-Birkenau, recorded by operators of the First Ukrainian Front.
Oleg Mandić (on the left) - Yugoslavian, b. 05.04.1933, in Susak, deported to KL Auschwitz on 14.07.1944, with his mother Newenka and grandmother Olga (also pictured) in a transport of prisoners from Triest.  They were arrested because his father and grandfather were active partisans of J. B. Tito.  Additionally, the father, Dr.  Oleg Mandić was a member of the Yugoslavian government.  In the camp the boy was given the number 89488, the mother 82605, and the grandmother 82606.  In March, by the personal order of Nikołaj A.  Bułganin, a member of the USSR Defense Council, they were transported to Cracow, then to Moscow by plane, and handed over to the Yugoslavian mission. Liberated children in Birkenau.  The photographs come from the documentary film chronicle and the collection of the Military Medicine Museum in Saint Petersburg.  They were taken between the end of February and the beginning of March 1945, on the site of the former main camp, Auschwitz I, by the camera crew of the First Ukrainian Front.
Liberated children in Birkenau.  The photographs come from the documentary film chronicle and the collection of the Military Medicine Museum in Saint Petersburg.  They were taken between the end of February and the beginning of March 1945, on the site of the former main camp, Auschwitz I, by the camera crew of the First Ukrainian Front. Liberated children in Birkenau.  The photographs come from the documentary film chronicle and the collection of the Military Medicine Museum in Saint Petersburg.  They were taken between the end of February and the beginning of March 1945, on the site of the former main camp, Auschwitz I, by the camera crew of the First Ukrainian Front. Liberated children in Birkenau.  The photographs come from the documentary film chronicle and the collection of the Military Medicine Museum in Saint Petersburg.  They were taken between the end of February and the beginning of March 1945, on the site of the former main camp, Auschwitz I, by the camera crew of the First Ukrainian Front.
Liberated children in Birkenau.  The photographs come from the documentary film chronicle and the collection of the Military Medicine Museum in Saint Petersburg.  They were taken between the end of February and the beginning of March 1945, on the site of the former main camp, Auschwitz I, by the camera crew of the First Ukrainian Front. Liberated children in Birkenau.  The photographs come from the documentary film chronicle and the collection of the Military Medicine Museum in Saint Petersburg.  They were taken between the end of February and the beginning of March 1945, on the site of the former main camp, Auschwitz I, by the camera crew of the First Ukrainian Front. Liberated children in Birkenau.  The photographs come from the documentary film chronicle and the collection of the Military Medicine Museum in Saint Petersburg.  They were taken between the end of February and the beginning of March 1945, on the site of the former main camp, Auschwitz I, by the camera crew of the First Ukrainian Front.
Liberated children in Birkenau.  The photographs come from the documentary film chronicle and the collection of the Military Medicine Museum in Saint Petersburg.  They were taken between the end of February and the beginning of March 1945, on the site of the former main camp, Auschwitz I, by the camera crew of the First Ukrainian Front. Henryk Sytner - Jew from Poland, b. 29.01.1937, in Kalisz, sent to KL Auschwitz on 31.07.1943, along with his father Leon and mother Leokadia from the labor camp for Jews in Pionki. In the camp he was given the number B-1157, and he saw the liberation in KL Auschwitz.  His father was transferred to KL Gross-Rosen where he died.  His mother survived the evacuation of the camp and returned to Poland in 1946. Henryk Sytner, (on the right in the second row, the boy in a cap), among the liberated children
The girl on the left is probably Tova Grossman - a Jew from Tomaszów Mazowieck, Poland, at the age of about 6.  She was deported to KL Auschwitz on 30.07.1944, from the labor camp for Jews in Starachowice.  The boy on the right in the last row may be Mano Adler (now: Marck Berkovitz) - a Czech Jew, b. 15.02.1932, deported to KL Auschwitz in April 1944, from Slatynsky Dolly near Sighet, with his mother, twin sister Feige (Fanny) and other distant relatives.  In the camp he was given the number A-7739, and his sister A-6029.  He and his sister were both subjected to the experiments of SS Doctor Josef Mengele.  His mother died in KL Auschwitz. Alice Ziemlich (in the headscarf), b. 13.03.1930, and Gertruda Mangel, b. 14.08.1932.  Jews from Slovakia, deported to KL Auschwitz on 03.11.1944, from Sered.  Alice was given the number A-27218, and Gertruda number A-27165.  In the camp Gertruda was punished by the so-called The frostbitten feet of Alice Ziemlich and Gertruda Mangel.
One of the Lustig-Braver triplets, Jews from Hungary, b. 22.12.1942.  In the camp the sisters were given the following numbers: Eva  No. A-5121, Agnes No. A-5122, and Judith No.  A-5123.  The sisters were deported to KL Auschwitz in May 1944, with their mother Ester, in a transport of Hungarian Jews.  In the camp they were subjected to medical experiments by SS Doctor Josef Mengele.  Eva died as a result of these criminal experiments.  Agnes died soon after the liberation, on 04.04.1945, in the Polish Red Cross Hospital.  Only Judith and her mother survived.  After a medical examination the girl was diagnosed as suffering from third degree emaciation and whopping cough (pertussis).  It is likely Agnes in this photograph.   Child, of approximately 2 years of age, of unidentified gender and nationality, liberated in the camp. Josef Hajman or Tajman - Jew from Slovakia, 4 years old.  He was deported to KL Auschwitz on 03.11.1944, from Sered.  In the camp he was given the number B-14095.  After the liberation the boy was diagnosed as suffering from second degree emaciation, scurvy, and internal hemorrhaging.  He died on 30.03.1945.   Benkel (Benkiel) Feinod or Fajwel - Jew from Poland, at the age of 17.  He was deported to KL Auschwitz in August 1944, from ŁódĽ.  On 21.08.1944, he was given the number B-7576.  During quarantine he was imprisoned in the transit camp for Jews (Sector BIIe).  There he was shot in the head by a guard because he went too close to the camp fence to give a piece of bread to a woman from another sector of the camp.  After the liberation and a medical examination he was diagnosed as suffering from central paralysis of right-side, of the arm and the leg.
Benkel (Benkiel) Feinod or Fajwel - Jew from Poland, at the age of 17.  He was deported to KL Auschwitz in August 1944, from ŁódĽ.  On 21.08.1944, he was given the number B-7576.  During quarantine he was imprisoned in the transit camp for Jews (Sector BIIe).  There he was shot in the head by a guard because he went too close to the camp fence to give a piece of bread to a woman from another sector of the camp.  After the liberation and a medical examination he was diagnosed as suffering from central paralysis of right-side, of the arm and the leg. Judith Rosenbaum - Jew from Hungary, b. 25.03.1934, deported to KL Auschwitz on 01.06.1944, with her twin sister Ruth.  She was selected, as were other twins, as experimental material for SS Doctor Josef Mengele.  In the camp, Judith was given the number A-7055, and Ruth number A-7054.  Both sisters saw the liberation, but on 23.03.1945, Ruth died of complications after her feet were amputated.  They had been punished by Paweł (Pałko) Blum - Czech Jew, b. 1938, deported to KL Auschwitz on 03.11.1944, with his parents from Sered.  In the camp he was given the number B-13979, and his father Juliusz number B-13980.  The number of his mother, Jana, is unknown.  His mother was transferred to a camp in Germany, from where she most likely did not return.  Paweł and his father were liberated in KL Auschwitz. István (Stephen) Bleyer - Jew from Hungary, b. 22.11.1930, in Komádi.  He was deported to KL Auschwitz on 01.07.1944, from the Nagyvárad ghetto, in a transport of Hungarian Jews.  In the camp he was given the number B-14615.
Corpse of an unidentified child.  The photograph was taken at the Birkenau camp, directly after the liberation in January/February 1945. Pictures taken during autopsies in the spring of 1945, conducted by the Soviet and Polish Commissions for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland. Pictures taken during autopsies in the spring of 1945, conducted by the Soviet and Polish Commissions for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland. Pictures taken during autopsies in the spring of 1945, conducted by the Soviet and Polish Commissions for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland.
Pictures taken during autopsies in the spring of 1945, conducted by the Soviet and Polish Commissions for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland. Corpse of a mother with her baby in a mass grave.  One frame from the film chronicle documenting the liberation of the camp.


Les lieux de la mémoire : Auschwitz | Belzec | Gross Rosen | Chelmno | Majdanek | Sobibor | Stutthof | Treblinka
En savoir plus : Aktion Reinhard Camps | Remembering Catastrophe: Nazi Camps Today
Centre Polonais des Recherches sur l'Holocauste / Polish Center for Holocaust Research | Committee on Conscience USHMM


Les jeunes sur le passé et l´avenir; conception: Stefan Wilkanowicz;
rédaction: Maria Osterwa-Czekaj;
design: Marcin Gajownik, Marek Tobolewski;
traduction: Justyna Piatkowska-Osinska, Tomasz Poniklo (anglais), Katarzyna Kopec, (allemand), Andrzej Rynkar, Eliza Kasprzak (français); PRZEKLADY.PL (russe).
On a utilisé: Le service photographique "Cologne 2005" (Centre du Dialogue et de la Prière à Auschwitz),
Helena Kubica "Nous n´avons pas le droit de les oublier" (Musée National Auschwitz-Birkenau, Oswiecim 2005),
"Les gens de bonne volonté", rédigé par Henryk Swiebocki (Musée National Auschwitz-Birkenau, Oswiecim 2005),
Les archives cinématographiques de monsieur Leszek Stafinski (Cracovie).

Copyright © 2006 ZNAK Christian Culture Foundation